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A series of articles on Race
Main topics
Race (classification of human beings) Race and genetics Human genetic variation Historical definitions Race and health Race and intelligence
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Social interpretations of race Racism Racial segregation Racialism Racial profiling Race in the United States Race in Brazil
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Ethnic group Human evolution Genetics Racism topics Category:Race Category:Racial segregation
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The study of race and intelligence seeks to determine how human intellectual abilities vary between races and the causes of the differences.

Theories about a relationship between race and intelligence have been the subject of speculation and debate since the 16th century. The contemporary debate focuses on the nature, causes, and importance, or lack of importance, of ethnic differences in intelligence test scores and other measures of cognitive ability, and whether "race" is a meaningful biological construct. The question of the relative roles of nature and nurture in causing individual and group differences in cognitive ability is seen as fundamental to understanding the debate.

The modern controversy surrounding intelligence and race focuses on the results of intelligence quotient (IQ) studies conducted during the second half of the 20th century in the United States, Western Europe, and other industrialized nations. There are also controversies over the definition of "race", the definition of "intelligence", and whether the "intelligence quotient" is a satisfactory measure of intelligence; see the respective articles on those subjects for more information.

Contents 1 History 2 Contemporary issues 2.1 The Bell Curve 2.1.1 American Psychological Association response 2.1.2 "Mainstream" statement 2.2 High-achieving minorities 2.3 Policy implications 2.3.1 Achievement gap 2.3.2 Eugenics 2.3.3 Biotechnology 3 Test results 3.1 Data 3.1.1 Increases in IQ scores over time 3.1.2 Reaction time 3.2 Interpretations 4 Nature and nurture 4.1 Viewpoints of notable scientists and researchers 4.2 Genetic 4.3 Environmental 4.3.1 Health 4.3.2 Stereotype threat 4.3.3 Quality of education 4.3.4 Racial discrimination in education 4.3.5 Caste-like minorities 5 Criticisms 5.1 Outdated methodology 5.2 Fluid gF' 5.3 Utility of research 5.4 Test construction 5.5 Source of funding 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Collective Statements 9.2 Review Papers 9.3 Others

History

Charles Darwin wrote in Descent of Man (VII, On the races of Man, published in 1871): "The races differ also in constitution, in acclimatisation and in liability to certain diseases. Their mental characteristics are likewise very distinct; chiefly as it would appear in their emotional, but partly in their intellectual faculties."

The opinion that there are differences in the brain sizes and brain structures of different racial and ethnic groups was widely held and studied during the 19th and early 20th centuries. During this time period, research on race and intelligence was often used to show that one race was superior to another, justifying the poor status and treatment of the "inferior race".

The writings of Sir Francis Galton, a psychometrician and polymath (1822–1911), spurred interest in the study of mental abilities, particularly as they relate to heredity and eugenics. Galton estimated from his field observations in Africa that the African people were significantly below Anglo-Saxons' position in the normal frequency distribution of general mental ability; findings that continue to spark controversy in academia today.

The scientific debate on the contribution of nature versus nurture to individual and group differences in intelligence can be traced back to at least the mid-19th century. Beginning in the 1930s, race difference research and hereditarianism — the belief that genetics are the primary cause of differences in intelligence among human groups — began to fall out of favor in psychology and anthropology after major internal debates.

In 1961, the psychologist Henry Garrett coined the term equalitarian dogma to describe the then mainstream view that there were no race differences in intelligence, or if there were, they were solely the result of environmental factors..

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